Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia

Adnan A Aladraii; Khalil A Almalki; Abdulaziz Ahmed Abdulaziz; Alanoud Hussain Alruqi; Ammar Abdullah Alsabilah; Nawaf Sulaiman Althagafi; Anas M Alomair; Wael Hyderabad; Doaa K Mohorjy

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

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Original Article
Online Published: 07 May 2026

IJMDC. 2026; 10(6): 1573-1580

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia

Adnan A Aladraii, Khalil A Almalki, Abdulaziz Ahmed Abdulaziz, Alanoud Hussain Alruqi, Ammar Abdullah Alsabilah, Nawaf Sulaiman Althagafi, Anas M Alomair, Wael Hyderabad, Doaa K Mohorjy.

Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidence of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) and identify potential risk factors for CPSP in orthopaedic surgery and its subspecialties.
Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study was employed at King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, screening 1200 patients who underwent orthopaedic surgeries from January 2017 to April 2024. Data were collected from the hospital record system, targeting patients whose pain persisted for more than three months following surgery and fit the definition of CPSP criteria, leading to 86 identified patients after exclusions. Data-like demographic characteristics, surgical variables, and clinical pain characteristics were collected.
Results: The overall incidence of CPSP in orthopaedic surgery was 7.2%. Regarding the incidence rates for specific subspecialties, majority were of shoulder (2.60%). The mean age was 55.8 ± 14 years, of whom 62.8% were female. Most cases had a high educational level (72%). Medical comorbidities, particularly diabetes mellitus (46.5%), were significantly high among the CPSP cases. Multiple linear regression analysis for the factors associated with CPSP revealed that age was significantly associated with CPSP with unadjusted and adjusted models at p-values of 0.043 and 0.035, respectively. Operative time duration and smoking were significantly associated with prolonged pain (p-values = 0.045 and 0.03).
Conclusion: CPSP remains a significant issue in orthopaedic surgery, particularly among older-age females. Medical comorbidity, smoking, and prolonged duration of surgery were associated with the incidence of chronic post-surgical pain. These findings highlighted the need for preoperative assessments and targeted interventions to reduce the incidence of CPSP and improve postoperative outcomes.

Key words: Incidence, chronic post-surgical pain, orthopedic surgery, potential risk factors, Saudi Arabia

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Pubmed Style

Aladraii AA, Almalki KA, Abdulaziz AA, Alruqi AH, Alsabilah AA, Althagafi NS, Alomair AM, Hyderabad W, Mohorjy DK. Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2026; 10(6): 1573-1580. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

Web Style

Aladraii AA, Almalki KA, Abdulaziz AA, Alruqi AH, Alsabilah AA, Althagafi NS, Alomair AM, Hyderabad W, Mohorjy DK. Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=314438 [Access: June 30, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Aladraii AA, Almalki KA, Abdulaziz AA, Alruqi AH, Alsabilah AA, Althagafi NS, Alomair AM, Hyderabad W, Mohorjy DK. Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2026; 10(6): 1573-1580. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Aladraii AA, Almalki KA, Abdulaziz AA, Alruqi AH, Alsabilah AA, Althagafi NS, Alomair AM, Hyderabad W, Mohorjy DK. Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. (2026), [cited June 30, 2026]; 10(6): 1573-1580. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

Harvard Style

Aladraii, A. A., Almalki, . K. A., Abdulaziz, . A. A., Alruqi, . A. H., Alsabilah, . A. A., Althagafi, . N. S., Alomair, . A. M., Hyderabad, . W. & Mohorjy, . D. K. (2026) Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, 10 (6), 1573-1580. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

Turabian Style

Aladraii, Adnan A, Khalil A Almalki, Abdulaziz Ahmed Abdulaziz, Alanoud Hussain Alruqi, Ammar Abdullah Alsabilah, Nawaf Sulaiman Althagafi, Anas M Alomair, Wael Hyderabad, and Doaa K Mohorjy. 2026. Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (6), 1573-1580. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

Chicago Style

Aladraii, Adnan A, Khalil A Almalki, Abdulaziz Ahmed Abdulaziz, Alanoud Hussain Alruqi, Ammar Abdullah Alsabilah, Nawaf Sulaiman Althagafi, Anas M Alomair, Wael Hyderabad, and Doaa K Mohorjy. "Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 1573-1580. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Aladraii, Adnan A, Khalil A Almalki, Abdulaziz Ahmed Abdulaziz, Alanoud Hussain Alruqi, Ammar Abdullah Alsabilah, Nawaf Sulaiman Althagafi, Anas M Alomair, Wael Hyderabad, and Doaa K Mohorjy. "Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.6 (2026), 1573-1580. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Aladraii, A. A., Almalki, . K. A., Abdulaziz, . A. A., Alruqi, . A. H., Alsabilah, . A. A., Althagafi, . N. S., Alomair, . A. M., Hyderabad, . W. & Mohorjy, . D. K. (2026) Incidence of chronic post-surgical pain in orthopaedic surgery and the potential risk factors for it in a tertiary Orthopaedics center in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (6), 1573-1580. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1773863213

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