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Original Article
Online Published: 24 Jan 2026
 


A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease

Turki Hamid Al-kuli, Ziyad Abdullah Alzahrani, Abdullah Mousa Alzahrani, Mohammed Mousa Alzahrani, Salwa Ibrahim Alghamdi, Sarah Dhaifallah Alqarni, Yahya Fahad Alzahrani, Abdulsalam Farhah Alzahrani, Mohammed Abdullah Alzahrani, Rahaf Ali Alghamdi, Dalia Ghurmallah Alghamdi, Amr Ahmed Fouad.


Abstract
Objective: This study aimed at comparing the efficacy, side effect and cost of different proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in Saudi Arabian patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and heartburn.
Methods: The cross-sectional comparative analysis study was conducted in Saudi Arabia. Random sampling was employed to identify adult patients (aged 18 years and above) with GERD and/or heartburn on the prescription of PPIs using social media and public spaces. A verified and reliable questionnaire was used for data collection.
Results: Heartburn and/or GERD were evident among 578 participants, making it 59.8%. The research was carried out with 253 participants. The PPIs did not differ significantly in terms of the cost (p-value = 0.810) or efficacy (p-value = 0.449); there were significant differences in the reported side effects (p-value = 0.012). Out of the individuals undergoing upper endoscopies, 17.5% were positive with hiatal hernia, 33.0% with esophagitis, and 41.2% with gastritis.
Conclusion: The prevalence of GERD and heartburn was very high in Saudi Arabia. Despite the similarity of PPIs in efficacy and cost, the differences in side effects and affordability must be considered to make a personalized treatment decision. Addressing self-medication would bring better outcomes to patients.

Key words: GERD, heartburn, PPIs, efficacy, adverse effects, cost-effectiveness


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Al-kuli TH, Alzahrani ZA, Alzahrani AM, Alzahrani MM, Alghamdi SI, Alqarni SD, Alzahrani YF, Alzahrani AF, Alzahrani MA, Alghamdi RA, Alghamdi DG, Fouad AA. A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease. IJMDC. 2026; 10(5): 1306-1319. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767440279

Web Style

Al-kuli TH, Alzahrani ZA, Alzahrani AM, Alzahrani MM, Alghamdi SI, Alqarni SD, Alzahrani YF, Alzahrani AF, Alzahrani MA, Alghamdi RA, Alghamdi DG, Fouad AA. A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=305422 [Access: May 07, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767440279

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Al-kuli TH, Alzahrani ZA, Alzahrani AM, Alzahrani MM, Alghamdi SI, Alqarni SD, Alzahrani YF, Alzahrani AF, Alzahrani MA, Alghamdi RA, Alghamdi DG, Fouad AA. A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease. IJMDC. 2026; 10(5): 1306-1319. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767440279


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Al-kuli TH, Alzahrani ZA, Alzahrani AM, Alzahrani MM, Alghamdi SI, Alqarni SD, Alzahrani YF, Alzahrani AF, Alzahrani MA, Alghamdi RA, Alghamdi DG, Fouad AA. A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease. IJMDC. (2026), [cited May 07, 2026]; 10(5): 1306-1319. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767440279


Harvard Style

Al-kuli, T. H., Alzahrani, . Z. A., Alzahrani, . A. M., Alzahrani, . M. M., Alghamdi, . S. I., Alqarni, . S. D., Alzahrani, . Y. F., Alzahrani, . A. F., Alzahrani, . M. A., Alghamdi, . R. A., Alghamdi, . D. G. & Fouad, . A. A. (2026) A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease. IJMDC, 10 (5), 1306-1319. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767440279


Turabian Style

Al-kuli, Turki Hamid, Ziyad Abdullah Alzahrani, Abdullah Mousa Alzahrani, Mohammed Mousa Alzahrani, Salwa Ibrahim Alghamdi, Sarah Dhaifallah Alqarni, Yahya Fahad Alzahrani, Abdulsalam Farhah Alzahrani, Mohammed Abdullah Alzahrani, Rahaf Ali Alghamdi, Dalia Ghurmallah Alghamdi, and Amr Ahmed Fouad. 2026. A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (5), 1306-1319. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767440279


Chicago Style

Al-kuli, Turki Hamid, Ziyad Abdullah Alzahrani, Abdullah Mousa Alzahrani, Mohammed Mousa Alzahrani, Salwa Ibrahim Alghamdi, Sarah Dhaifallah Alqarni, Yahya Fahad Alzahrani, Abdulsalam Farhah Alzahrani, Mohammed Abdullah Alzahrani, Rahaf Ali Alghamdi, Dalia Ghurmallah Alghamdi, and Amr Ahmed Fouad. "A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 1306-1319. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767440279


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Al-kuli, Turki Hamid, Ziyad Abdullah Alzahrani, Abdullah Mousa Alzahrani, Mohammed Mousa Alzahrani, Salwa Ibrahim Alghamdi, Sarah Dhaifallah Alqarni, Yahya Fahad Alzahrani, Abdulsalam Farhah Alzahrani, Mohammed Abdullah Alzahrani, Rahaf Ali Alghamdi, Dalia Ghurmallah Alghamdi, and Amr Ahmed Fouad. "A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.5 (2026), 1306-1319. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767440279


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Al-kuli, T. H., Alzahrani, . Z. A., Alzahrani, . A. M., Alzahrani, . M. M., Alghamdi, . S. I., Alqarni, . S. D., Alzahrani, . Y. F., Alzahrani, . A. F., Alzahrani, . M. A., Alghamdi, . R. A., Alghamdi, . D. G. & Fouad, . A. A. (2026) A comparative analysis of the cost effectiveness, side effects, and efficacy of various proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (5), 1306-1319. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1767440279




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