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Review Article
Online Published: 22 Nov 2025
 


Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution

Hosam Hadi Awaji, Khadeejah Muhammad Alhadi, Reema Abdullah B Nouli, Abdullah Abdulaziz A Aldhaban, Raghad Rasheed Alrasheed, Abdullah Saad Almunyif, Hanin Saleh Alhawas, Saleem Yousef Alraddadi, Awn Nasser A Alsubaie, Nouf Ali Alsaiari, Faisal Mansour Yousof, Mohammed Faleh S Alshammiri.


Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant global health issue. Although smoking is a primary risk factor, air pollution is becoming more and more associated with its development. The relationship between the incidence of COPD and air pollution exposure was the subject of this meta-analysis. In order to identify studies published up to February 1, 2025, a systematic search of pertinent databases was conducted to investigate the correlation between air pollution and the incidence of COPD. The aggregate risk ratio (RR) and heterogeneity were calculated by pooling data from eligible studies using a random-effects model. The impact of these factors on the observed associations was investigated through meta-regression analyses. A total of 3,610,889 participants were included in eighteen studies. The overall RR for COPD incidence among those exposed to air pollution was 0.07 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.12), which is counterintuitive and likely reflects high heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses performed for various pollutant categories and exposure durations also demonstrated substantial associations; however, the heterogeneity was substantial (I² = 100% for all). The test for subgroup differences was not significant, despite the fact that significant associations were observed across income levels. The incidence of COPD was not significantly correlated with pollutant type, exposure duration, or income level, as indicated by meta-regression analyses. Despite the substantial heterogeneity and unusually low risk ratio, this meta-analysis indicates a statistically significant association between air pollution exposure and COPD incidence. This suggests that there is significant variability in study methodologies and exposure assessments.

Key words: Air Pollution, COPD, Meta-Analysis, incidence.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Awaji HH, Alhadi KM, Nouli RAB, Aldhaban AAA, Alrasheed RR, Almunyif AS, Alhawas HS, Alraddadi SY, Alsubaie ANA, Alsaiari NA, Yousof FM, Alshammiri MFS. Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution. IJMDC. 2025; 9(10): 2552-2566. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1760556051

Web Style

Awaji HH, Alhadi KM, Nouli RAB, Aldhaban AAA, Alrasheed RR, Almunyif AS, Alhawas HS, Alraddadi SY, Alsubaie ANA, Alsaiari NA, Yousof FM, Alshammiri MFS. Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=290557 [Access: December 09, 2025]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1760556051

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Awaji HH, Alhadi KM, Nouli RAB, Aldhaban AAA, Alrasheed RR, Almunyif AS, Alhawas HS, Alraddadi SY, Alsubaie ANA, Alsaiari NA, Yousof FM, Alshammiri MFS. Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution. IJMDC. 2025; 9(10): 2552-2566. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1760556051


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Awaji HH, Alhadi KM, Nouli RAB, Aldhaban AAA, Alrasheed RR, Almunyif AS, Alhawas HS, Alraddadi SY, Alsubaie ANA, Alsaiari NA, Yousof FM, Alshammiri MFS. Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution. IJMDC. (2025), [cited December 09, 2025]; 9(10): 2552-2566. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1760556051


Harvard Style

Awaji, H. H., Alhadi, . K. M., Nouli, . R. A. B., Aldhaban, . A. A. A., Alrasheed, . R. R., Almunyif, . A. S., Alhawas, . H. S., Alraddadi, . S. Y., Alsubaie, . A. N. A., Alsaiari, . N. A., Yousof, . F. M. & Alshammiri, . M. F. S. (2025) Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution. IJMDC, 9 (10), 2552-2566. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1760556051


Turabian Style

Awaji, Hosam Hadi, Khadeejah Muhammad Alhadi, Reema Abdullah B Nouli, Abdullah Abdulaziz A Aldhaban, Raghad Rasheed Alrasheed, Abdullah Saad Almunyif, Hanin Saleh Alhawas, Saleem Yousef Alraddadi, Awn Nasser A Alsubaie, Nouf Ali Alsaiari, Faisal Mansour Yousof, and Mohammed Faleh S Alshammiri. 2025. Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (10), 2552-2566. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1760556051


Chicago Style

Awaji, Hosam Hadi, Khadeejah Muhammad Alhadi, Reema Abdullah B Nouli, Abdullah Abdulaziz A Aldhaban, Raghad Rasheed Alrasheed, Abdullah Saad Almunyif, Hanin Saleh Alhawas, Saleem Yousef Alraddadi, Awn Nasser A Alsubaie, Nouf Ali Alsaiari, Faisal Mansour Yousof, and Mohammed Faleh S Alshammiri. "Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9 (2025), 2552-2566. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1760556051


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Awaji, Hosam Hadi, Khadeejah Muhammad Alhadi, Reema Abdullah B Nouli, Abdullah Abdulaziz A Aldhaban, Raghad Rasheed Alrasheed, Abdullah Saad Almunyif, Hanin Saleh Alhawas, Saleem Yousef Alraddadi, Awn Nasser A Alsubaie, Nouf Ali Alsaiari, Faisal Mansour Yousof, and Mohammed Faleh S Alshammiri. "Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9.10 (2025), 2552-2566. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1760556051


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Awaji, H. H., Alhadi, . K. M., Nouli, . R. A. B., Aldhaban, . A. A. A., Alrasheed, . R. R., Almunyif, . A. S., Alhawas, . H. S., Alraddadi, . S. Y., Alsubaie, . A. N. A., Alsaiari, . N. A., Yousof, . F. M. & Alshammiri, . M. F. S. (2025) Meta-Analysis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Incidence Among 3,610,889 Participants Exposed to Air Pollution. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (10), 2552-2566. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1760556051




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