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Original Article
Online Published: 30 Oct 2025
 


Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman Abdulelah Alanazi, Osama Ali Alshamrani, Mohammed Abdulaziz Aljthalin, Osama Ayed Aalmoawi, Hassan Alshamrani, Abdulrahman Aldawood, Ahmad Mohammed Banaeem, Ali A. Alanazi, Elsadig Yousif Mohamed, Bader A Alharthi.


Abstract
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the awareness level of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and examined its sociodemographic determinants among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in all regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, over six months. Using a stratified sampling technique, diabetic patients were recruited from the five main regions of the Kingdom. Eligible participants were adults (≥18 years) of both genders with a confirmed diagnosis of DM. Data were collected through a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire. Awareness was assessed using 10 key knowledge items, with correct responses scored as 1 and incorrect or “I don’t know” as 0. Total scores ranged from 0 to 10, with higher scores reflecting greater awareness.
Results:
A total of 674 participants were included, with a slight female predominance (50.9%) and the largest age group being 18–24 years (24.3%). Just over half (52.4%) had type 1 diabetes. Overall, 74.8% demonstrated inadequate knowledge of DKA, while only 25.2% showed good knowledge. No significant associations were observed between knowledge levels and sociodemographic or clinical characteristics (all p-values>0.05).
Conclusion:
The findings indicated that awareness of DKA among diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia was remarkably lacking. Furthermore, these knowledge gaps were observed uniformly across all demographic and clinical subgroups, with no notable differences by sociodemographic or clinical characteristics. This underlines the need for broad educational initiatives targeting all diabetic patients, with emphasis on DKA causes, symptoms, and management.

Key words: Awareness, knowledge, diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, Saudi Arabia


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alanazi AA, Alshamrani OA, Aljthalin MA, Aalmoawi OA, Alshamrani H, Aldawood A, Banaeem AM, Alanazi AA, Mohamed EY, Alharthi BA. Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 30 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1759353257

Web Style

Alanazi AA, Alshamrani OA, Aljthalin MA, Aalmoawi OA, Alshamrani H, Aldawood A, Banaeem AM, Alanazi AA, Mohamed EY, Alharthi BA. Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=287791 [Access: October 30, 2025]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1759353257

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alanazi AA, Alshamrani OA, Aljthalin MA, Aalmoawi OA, Alshamrani H, Aldawood A, Banaeem AM, Alanazi AA, Mohamed EY, Alharthi BA. Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 30 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1759353257


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alanazi AA, Alshamrani OA, Aljthalin MA, Aalmoawi OA, Alshamrani H, Aldawood A, Banaeem AM, Alanazi AA, Mohamed EY, Alharthi BA. Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, [cited October 30, 2025]; Online First: 30 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1759353257


Harvard Style

Alanazi, A. A., Alshamrani, . O. A., Aljthalin, . M. A., Aalmoawi, . O. A., Alshamrani, . H., Aldawood, . A., Banaeem, . A. M., Alanazi, . A. A., Mohamed, . E. Y. & Alharthi, . B. A. (2025) Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, Online First: 30 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1759353257


Turabian Style

Alanazi, Abdulrahman Abdulelah, Osama Ali Alshamrani, Mohammed Abdulaziz Aljthalin, Osama Ayed Aalmoawi, Hassan Alshamrani, Abdulrahman Aldawood, Ahmad Mohammed Banaeem, Ali A. Alanazi, Elsadig Yousif Mohamed, and Bader A Alharthi. 2025. Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 30 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1759353257


Chicago Style

Alanazi, Abdulrahman Abdulelah, Osama Ali Alshamrani, Mohammed Abdulaziz Aljthalin, Osama Ayed Aalmoawi, Hassan Alshamrani, Abdulrahman Aldawood, Ahmad Mohammed Banaeem, Ali A. Alanazi, Elsadig Yousif Mohamed, and Bader A Alharthi. "Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 30 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1759353257


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alanazi, Abdulrahman Abdulelah, Osama Ali Alshamrani, Mohammed Abdulaziz Aljthalin, Osama Ayed Aalmoawi, Hassan Alshamrani, Abdulrahman Aldawood, Ahmad Mohammed Banaeem, Ali A. Alanazi, Elsadig Yousif Mohamed, and Bader A Alharthi. "Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 30 Oct, 2025. Web. 30 Oct 2025 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1759353257


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alanazi, A. A., Alshamrani, . O. A., Aljthalin, . M. A., Aalmoawi, . O. A., Alshamrani, . H., Aldawood, . A., Banaeem, . A. M., Alanazi, . A. A., Mohamed, . E. Y. & Alharthi, . B. A. (2025) Awareness of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetes mellitus patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 30 Oct, 2025. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1759353257




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