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2026, Vol: 10, Issue: 1
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Original Article
Online Published: 05 Nov 2025
 


Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study

Nooran Badeeb, Yara Alorfi, Elaf Alshaikh, Lujain Huldar, Lama Alharbi, Rayan Almutairi, Faisal Allebdi.


Abstract
Objective:
This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A diverse cohort of 428 individuals diagnosed with MS in Saudi Arabia participated in the study, with data collected via self-administered online surveys and paper-based formats. Demographic characteristics, MS diagnosis particulars, and ocular manifestations were assessed.
Results:
It was revealed that 82.9% of participants exhibited ocular manifestations, with blurred vision and diplopia being the most common complaints. MS subtype, disease control status, and presenting symptoms showed significant associations with ocular manifestations. Notably, participants with ocular involvement reported higher quality-of-life scores and perceived greater improvement compared to those with non-ocular manifestations.
Conclusion:
The study underscored the significant burden of ocular symptoms in MS patients in Saudi Arabia and highlighted the importance of comprehensive management strategies to address both ocular and non-ocular manifestations. Timely medical intervention and tailored approaches to MS management are crucial for optimizing outcomes and improving patient well-being.

Key words: Ocular manifestations, optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, Saudi Arabia, self-reported


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Badeeb N, Alorfi Y, Alshaikh E, Huldar L, Alharbi L, Almutairi R, Allebdi F. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study. IJMDC. 2025; 9(10): 2401-2407. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758649937

Web Style

Badeeb N, Alorfi Y, Alshaikh E, Huldar L, Alharbi L, Almutairi R, Allebdi F. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=286051 [Access: December 10, 2025]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758649937

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Badeeb N, Alorfi Y, Alshaikh E, Huldar L, Alharbi L, Almutairi R, Allebdi F. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study. IJMDC. 2025; 9(10): 2401-2407. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758649937


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Badeeb N, Alorfi Y, Alshaikh E, Huldar L, Alharbi L, Almutairi R, Allebdi F. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study. IJMDC. (2025), [cited December 10, 2025]; 9(10): 2401-2407. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758649937


Harvard Style

Badeeb, N., Alorfi, . Y., Alshaikh, . E., Huldar, . L., Alharbi, . L., Almutairi, . R. & Allebdi, . F. (2025) Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study. IJMDC, 9 (10), 2401-2407. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758649937


Turabian Style

Badeeb, Nooran, Yara Alorfi, Elaf Alshaikh, Lujain Huldar, Lama Alharbi, Rayan Almutairi, and Faisal Allebdi. 2025. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (10), 2401-2407. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758649937


Chicago Style

Badeeb, Nooran, Yara Alorfi, Elaf Alshaikh, Lujain Huldar, Lama Alharbi, Rayan Almutairi, and Faisal Allebdi. "Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9 (2025), 2401-2407. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758649937


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Badeeb, Nooran, Yara Alorfi, Elaf Alshaikh, Lujain Huldar, Lama Alharbi, Rayan Almutairi, and Faisal Allebdi. "Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9.10 (2025), 2401-2407. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758649937


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Badeeb, N., Alorfi, . Y., Alshaikh, . E., Huldar, . L., Alharbi, . L., Almutairi, . R. & Allebdi, . F. (2025) Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a self-reported study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (10), 2401-2407. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1758649937




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