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2026, Vol: 10, Issue: 4
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Review Article
Online Published: 16 May 2025
 


Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review

Ahmed Ragab, Asrar Alharbi, Yara Alzhrani, Meznah Alnemri, Sarah Wajdi, Dena Alzhrani.


Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still the major cause of death worldwide, but there is no balanced distribution of awareness of their risk factors between various demographic strata in different regions. In this review, evidence from metro-based studies was synthesized to analyze differential awareness of cardiovascular risk based on gender, age, education, and economic status. Evidence indicated that those with higher income and educational levels always had higher rates of awareness regarding the risk factors of CVD, and the odds ratios were 2.06 to 3.2 in some groups. By gender, there are differences where women reported being more aware, though some gaps were observed regarding the awareness of risks like diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Age was also an important risk factor, where younger and middle-aged adults were better informed than older individuals. The urban setting appears to facilitate improved exposure to health information, though dramatic differences exist in low-income and underserved communities. The present review highlighted the imperative need for focused public health interventions and culturally sensitive education initiatives to minimize awareness gaps and maximize equitable cardiovascular health outcomes.

Key words: Cardiovascular disorders, adult, risk factors, awareness, review


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Ragab A, Alharbi A, Alzhrani Y, Alnemri M, Wajdi S, Alzhrani D. Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review. IJMDC. 2025; 9(5): 1219-1225. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1744537779

Web Style

Ragab A, Alharbi A, Alzhrani Y, Alnemri M, Wajdi S, Alzhrani D. Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=252442 [Access: October 14, 2025]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1744537779

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Ragab A, Alharbi A, Alzhrani Y, Alnemri M, Wajdi S, Alzhrani D. Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review. IJMDC. 2025; 9(5): 1219-1225. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1744537779


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Ragab A, Alharbi A, Alzhrani Y, Alnemri M, Wajdi S, Alzhrani D. Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review. IJMDC. (2025), [cited October 14, 2025]; 9(5): 1219-1225. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1744537779


Harvard Style

Ragab, A., Alharbi, . A., Alzhrani, . Y., Alnemri, . M., Wajdi, . S. & Alzhrani, . D. (2025) Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review. IJMDC, 9 (5), 1219-1225. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1744537779


Turabian Style

Ragab, Ahmed, Asrar Alharbi, Yara Alzhrani, Meznah Alnemri, Sarah Wajdi, and Dena Alzhrani. 2025. Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (5), 1219-1225. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1744537779


Chicago Style

Ragab, Ahmed, Asrar Alharbi, Yara Alzhrani, Meznah Alnemri, Sarah Wajdi, and Dena Alzhrani. "Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9 (2025), 1219-1225. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1744537779


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Ragab, Ahmed, Asrar Alharbi, Yara Alzhrani, Meznah Alnemri, Sarah Wajdi, and Dena Alzhrani. "Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9.5 (2025), 1219-1225. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1744537779


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Ragab, A., Alharbi, . A., Alzhrani, . Y., Alnemri, . M., Wajdi, . S. & Alzhrani, . D. (2025) Cardiovascular risk awareness across demographic groups in metropolitan settings: a narrative review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (5), 1219-1225. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1744537779




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