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Review Article
Online Published: 23 Jan 2025
 


Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review

Ahmad Hasan Allafi, Afnan Abdullah Alzayed, Zahra Sayed Hashem Isa Marzooq, Sara Dafaalla Mohamed Hag Ali, Sultan Abdulaziz Fahad Al Hadi, Shahad Eid A. Alatoui, Nebras Jaafar Husain Abdulhusain Ayoob, Kawthar Hasan Ali Ali Jaafar, Zainab Ebrahim Hasan Ali Ebrahim Alaali, Haya Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alsaab.


Abstract
To assess and synthesize the existing evidence on the association between pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and the risk of ovarian cancer. Methods: A total of 388 pertinent publications were found after a comprehensive search across four databases. 47 full-text publications were examined after duplicates were eliminated using Rayyan Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI) and relevance was checked; four studies finally satisfied the requirements for inclusion. Results: We included six studies with a total of 349,034 women diagnosed or with a history of PID. While some studies suggest that PID, particularly infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV-2, may contribute to the development of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and borderline ovarian tumors (BOT), others report no significant connection, especially with high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). One study identifies PID as an independent risk factor, with women having a 1.49-fold higher likelihood of developing ovarian cancer. In contrast, other findings indicate no increased incidence of ovarian cancer associated with PID. Conclusion: This review highlights a complex and inconsistent relationship between PID and ovarian cancer risk. While chronic inflammation caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV-2 infections may play a role, some studies report no significant associations, particularly with subtypes like HGSC. Early diagnosis and treatment of PID remain crucial to minimize long-term complications. Larger, well-designed prospective studies are needed to clarify PID’s role in ovarian carcinogenesis. Identifying high-risk populations and incorporating PID history into cancer risk models could improve early detection and prevention strategies.

Key words: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Ovarian Cancer, Chronic Inflammation, Systematic review.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Allafi AH, Alzayed AA, Marzooq ZSHI, Ali SDMH, Hadi SAFA, Alatoui SEA, Ayoob NJHA, Jaafar KHAA, , Alsaab HAI. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. IJMDC. 2025; 9(2): 456-462. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1734643922

Web Style

Allafi AH, Alzayed AA, Marzooq ZSHI, Ali SDMH, Hadi SAFA, Alatoui SEA, Ayoob NJHA, Jaafar KHAA, , Alsaab HAI. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=233816 [Access: March 17, 2025]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1734643922

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Allafi AH, Alzayed AA, Marzooq ZSHI, Ali SDMH, Hadi SAFA, Alatoui SEA, Ayoob NJHA, Jaafar KHAA, , Alsaab HAI. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. IJMDC. 2025; 9(2): 456-462. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1734643922


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Allafi AH, Alzayed AA, Marzooq ZSHI, Ali SDMH, Hadi SAFA, Alatoui SEA, Ayoob NJHA, Jaafar KHAA, , Alsaab HAI. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. IJMDC. (2025), [cited March 17, 2025]; 9(2): 456-462. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1734643922


Harvard Style

Allafi, A. H., Alzayed, . A. A., Marzooq, . Z. S. H. I., Ali, . S. D. M. H., Hadi, . S. A. F. A., Alatoui, . S. E. A., Ayoob, . N. J. H. A., Jaafar, . K. H. A. A., & Alsaab, . H. A. I. (2025) Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. IJMDC, 9 (2), 456-462. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1734643922


Turabian Style

Allafi, Ahmad Hasan, Afnan Abdullah Alzayed, Zahra Sayed Hashem Isa Marzooq, Sara Dafaalla Mohamed Hag Ali, Sultan Abdulaziz Fahad Al Hadi, Shahad Eid A. Alatoui, Nebras Jaafar Husain Abdulhusain Ayoob, Kawthar Hasan Ali Ali Jaafar, Zainab Ebrahim Hasan Ali Ebrahim Alaali, and Haya Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alsaab. 2025. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (2), 456-462. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1734643922


Chicago Style

Allafi, Ahmad Hasan, Afnan Abdullah Alzayed, Zahra Sayed Hashem Isa Marzooq, Sara Dafaalla Mohamed Hag Ali, Sultan Abdulaziz Fahad Al Hadi, Shahad Eid A. Alatoui, Nebras Jaafar Husain Abdulhusain Ayoob, Kawthar Hasan Ali Ali Jaafar, Zainab Ebrahim Hasan Ali Ebrahim Alaali, and Haya Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alsaab. "Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9 (2025), 456-462. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1734643922


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Allafi, Ahmad Hasan, Afnan Abdullah Alzayed, Zahra Sayed Hashem Isa Marzooq, Sara Dafaalla Mohamed Hag Ali, Sultan Abdulaziz Fahad Al Hadi, Shahad Eid A. Alatoui, Nebras Jaafar Husain Abdulhusain Ayoob, Kawthar Hasan Ali Ali Jaafar, Zainab Ebrahim Hasan Ali Ebrahim Alaali, and Haya Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alsaab. "Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9.2 (2025), 456-462. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1734643922


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Allafi, A. H., Alzayed, . A. A., Marzooq, . Z. S. H. I., Ali, . S. D. M. H., Hadi, . S. A. F. A., Alatoui, . S. E. A., Ayoob, . N. J. H. A., Jaafar, . K. H. A. A., & Alsaab, . H. A. I. (2025) Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (2), 456-462. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1734643922




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