Abstract
Thyroid hormone is necessary for the healthy development of the nervous system and adequate growth in the first several years of life. The pituitary gland regulates T3 and T4 levels through a feedback mechanism in healthy individuals. One of the most frequent worldwide causes of severe neurocognitive impairment and avoidable mental retardation is congenital hypothyroidism (CH). The incidence of CH was previously thought to be 1:3,000-4,000 live births, however, recent evidence indicated an upward trend. Thus, this review aimed to study the hypothyroidism trends in Saudi Arabia. Several factors could influence the occurrence of hypothyroidism, including age, sex, and other regional considerations. According to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 15.5% of non-endocrine females with a body mass index of 20 or higher had hypothyroidism. Research has revealed a strong link between thyroid disorders and diabetes. According to studies, there is a direct link between high thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and coronary artery disease (CAD), making hypothyroidism a risk factor for CAD. Further, many studies added information demonstrating that hypothyroidism during pregnancy increases the risk of both maternal and newborn outcomes. To offer more precise information about the prevalence and effects of hypothyroidism, a population-based cohort study is required.

Key words: Hypothyroidism, Saudi Arabia, thyroid dysfunction, thyroid hormone, review