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2026, Vol: 10, Issue: 9
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Original Article
Online Published: 15 Sep 2026
 


Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study

Mariam Saleh Alharbi, Lujain Hussain Almutairi, Razan Abdulaziz Almutairi, Alanoud Abdullah Alsufayri, Reema Metab Alharbi, Razan Ibrahim Alshudukhi, Noor Yousef Almohaimeed, Majd M Alharbi, Ajwan Khaled Alqurishi, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alharbi.


Abstract
Objective:
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease, and also to explore associations between demographic and clinical factors and their presence.
Methods:
A retrospective cross-sectional study was adopted to review medical records of 301 patients with confirmed autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) in King Fahd Specialist Hospital (KFSH) in the Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.
Results:
A total of 301 patients with AITDs were included, with a mean age of 40.7 years. Notably, 84.4% were female, and 87.7% had Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Overall, 122 patients (prevalence of 40.5% with 95% CI of 35.1–46.2%) had at least one coexisting autoimmune disease. The prevalence was significantly higher among patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis than Graves' disease (p-value=0.001). Rheumatoid arthritis (19.7%), type 1 diabetes mellitus (15.6%), and vitiligo (14.8%) were the most common coexisting autoimmune diseases. Multivariable analysis identified male gender (aOR=2.09, p-value=0.025) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (aOR=4.61, p-value=0.002) as independent predictors of coexisting autoimmune disease.
Conclusion:
Coexisting autoimmune diseases were common among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, particularly those with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and vitiligo were the predominant comorbidities.

Key words: Autoimmune thyroid disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, coexisting autoimmune diseases, Saudi Arabia


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alharbi MS, Almutairi LH, Almutairi RA, Alsufayri AA, Alharbi RM, Alshudukhi RI, Almohaimeed NY, Alharbi MM, Alqurishi AK, Alharbi AM. Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study. IJMDC. Online First: 15 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785404036

Web Style

Alharbi MS, Almutairi LH, Almutairi RA, Alsufayri AA, Alharbi RM, Alshudukhi RI, Almohaimeed NY, Alharbi MM, Alqurishi AK, Alharbi AM. Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=329522 [Access: September 16, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785404036

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alharbi MS, Almutairi LH, Almutairi RA, Alsufayri AA, Alharbi RM, Alshudukhi RI, Almohaimeed NY, Alharbi MM, Alqurishi AK, Alharbi AM. Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study. IJMDC. Online First: 15 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785404036


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alharbi MS, Almutairi LH, Almutairi RA, Alsufayri AA, Alharbi RM, Alshudukhi RI, Almohaimeed NY, Alharbi MM, Alqurishi AK, Alharbi AM. Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study. IJMDC, [cited September 16, 2026]; Online First: 15 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785404036


Harvard Style

Alharbi, M. S., Almutairi, . L. H., Almutairi, . R. A., Alsufayri, . A. A., Alharbi, . R. M., Alshudukhi, . R. I., Almohaimeed, . N. Y., Alharbi, . M. M., Alqurishi, . A. K. & Alharbi, . A. M. (2026) Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study. IJMDC, Online First: 15 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785404036


Turabian Style

Alharbi, Mariam Saleh, Lujain Hussain Almutairi, Razan Abdulaziz Almutairi, Alanoud Abdullah Alsufayri, Reema Metab Alharbi, Razan Ibrahim Alshudukhi, Noor Yousef Almohaimeed, Majd M Alharbi, Ajwan Khaled Alqurishi, and Abdulrahman Mohammed Alharbi. 2026. Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 15 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785404036


Chicago Style

Alharbi, Mariam Saleh, Lujain Hussain Almutairi, Razan Abdulaziz Almutairi, Alanoud Abdullah Alsufayri, Reema Metab Alharbi, Razan Ibrahim Alshudukhi, Noor Yousef Almohaimeed, Majd M Alharbi, Ajwan Khaled Alqurishi, and Abdulrahman Mohammed Alharbi. "Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 15 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785404036


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alharbi, Mariam Saleh, Lujain Hussain Almutairi, Razan Abdulaziz Almutairi, Alanoud Abdullah Alsufayri, Reema Metab Alharbi, Razan Ibrahim Alshudukhi, Noor Yousef Almohaimeed, Majd M Alharbi, Ajwan Khaled Alqurishi, and Abdulrahman Mohammed Alharbi. "Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 15 Sep, 2026. Web. 16 Sep 2026 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785404036


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alharbi, M. S., Almutairi, . L. H., Almutairi, . R. A., Alsufayri, . A. A., Alharbi, . R. M., Alshudukhi, . R. I., Almohaimeed, . N. Y., Alharbi, . M. M., Alqurishi, . A. K. & Alharbi, . A. M. (2026) Prevalence and pattern of coexisting autoimmune diseases among patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 15 Sep, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1785404036




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