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2026, Vol: 10, Issue: 9
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Original Article
Online Published: 20 Oct 2026
 


Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia

Dora H Alharkan, Jood M Alsogaihi, Aseel M Alsamaani, Rola H Alseghair, Razan Aljameeli, Layla A Alajlan, Husam H Alahmadi.


Abstract
Objective:
This study aimed to present the levels and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of parents of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) regarding diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted to survey parents of children with T1DM, aged ≤18 years, who were registered at the diabetic center in 2024. A closed-ended questionnaire was used to gather information about the child's demographics, diabetes status, and parents' knowledge (K) (10 questions), attitude (A) (5 questions), and practice (P) (5 questions). A five-point Likert scale-based score was correlated with the demographics and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Result:
A total of 72 parents were surveyed. The median KAP score was 44.0 (IQR, 39-49). Poor knowledge, a negative attitude toward glycemic control for preventing DR, and irregular eye checks for DR detection were noted. The practices for children's diabetes management and preventing DR were poor in half of the participants. The score was correlated with HbA1c level (Pearson correlation = 0.324, p = 0.05). Parents <40 years of age (p = 0.05) and parents of children with poor glycemic control (p = 0.008) had better awareness. The current sources of knowledge included diabetologists (54.2%), pediatric ophthalmologists (27.8%), ophthalmologists (20.8%), websites (58.3%), social media (56.9%), and doctors at primary health centers (48.6%).
Conclusion:
Low parental awareness could lead to noncompliance with preventive and therapeutic care for eye complications of T1DM. Parents need to be educated about eye care in children with T1DM.

Key words: Awareness of parents, diabetic retinopathy, glycemic control, HbA1c, KAP, T1DM


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Alharkan DH, Alsogaihi JM, Alsamaani AM, Alseghair RH, Aljameeli R, Alajlan LA, Alahmadi HH. Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 20 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783250844

Web Style

Alharkan DH, Alsogaihi JM, Alsamaani AM, Alseghair RH, Aljameeli R, Alajlan LA, Alahmadi HH. Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=326727 [Access: October 20, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783250844

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alharkan DH, Alsogaihi JM, Alsamaani AM, Alseghair RH, Aljameeli R, Alajlan LA, Alahmadi HH. Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. Online First: 20 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783250844


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alharkan DH, Alsogaihi JM, Alsamaani AM, Alseghair RH, Aljameeli R, Alajlan LA, Alahmadi HH. Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, [cited October 20, 2026]; Online First: 20 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783250844


Harvard Style

Alharkan, D. H., Alsogaihi, . J. M., Alsamaani, . A. M., Alseghair, . R. H., Aljameeli, . R., Alajlan, . L. A. & Alahmadi, . H. H. (2026) Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, Online First: 20 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783250844


Turabian Style

Alharkan, Dora H, Jood M Alsogaihi, Aseel M Alsamaani, Rola H Alseghair, Razan Aljameeli, Layla A Alajlan, and Husam H Alahmadi. 2026. Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 20 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783250844


Chicago Style

Alharkan, Dora H, Jood M Alsogaihi, Aseel M Alsamaani, Rola H Alseghair, Razan Aljameeli, Layla A Alajlan, and Husam H Alahmadi. "Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 20 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783250844


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alharkan, Dora H, Jood M Alsogaihi, Aseel M Alsamaani, Rola H Alseghair, Razan Aljameeli, Layla A Alajlan, and Husam H Alahmadi. "Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries Online First: 20 Oct, 2026. Web. 20 Oct 2026 doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783250844


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alharkan, D. H., Alsogaihi, . J. M., Alsamaani, . A. M., Alseghair, . R. H., Aljameeli, . R., Alajlan, . L. A. & Alahmadi, . H. H. (2026) Magnitude and determinants of knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding diabetic retinopathy in their children with type 1 diabetes: a survey in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, Online First: 20 Oct, 2026. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1783250844




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