Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder-related disability among adults in the Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia

Nabeel A Madkhali; Naif M Alshamrani; Mohammed H Ghasham; Turki I Aljezani; Salman M Jathmi; Ahmed K Moafa; Mohammed B Altherwi; Yazeed A Alrajhi; Alsharari Rayan Saud S; Hadi A Hakami; Ahmed Y Almindil; Ahmed W Turkistani; Alhussein B Alsultan; Hassan A Ajimi; Anas E Ahmed

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

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Original Article
Online Published: 16 Aug 2026

IJMDC. 2026; 10(9): 2628-2640

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia

Nabeel A. Madkhali, Naif M. Alshamrani, Mohammed H. Ghasham, Turki I. Aljezani, Salman M. Jathmi, Ahmed K. Moafa, Mohammed B. Altherwi, Yazeed A. Alrajhi, Alsharari Rayan Saud S, Hadi A. Hakami, Ahmed Y. Almindil, Ahmed W. Turkistani, Alhussein B. Alsultan, Hassan A. Ajimi, Anas E. Ahmed.

Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder-related disability among adults in the Jazan region and identify associated sociodemographic, occupational, and clinical factors.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 587 adults residing in the Jazan region. Participants completed a structured questionnaire that included sociodemographic characteristics and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI).
Results: The prevalence of shoulder pain was 66.1% (388/587). Participants with shoulder pain were signifi cantly older and had higher body mass index values than those without pain (both p < 0.05). In multivariable logistic regression, age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.08, p < 0.001] and female gender (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.03-2.36, p = 0.036) were independent predictors of shoulder pain. Among pain-positive participants, the median SPADI total score was 32.1, with 38.1% classified as having min imal disability and 42.0% experiencing at least moderate disability. Higher SPADI scores were independently associated with older age (B = 0.67, p < 0.001), rural residence (B = 6.77, p < 0.001), history of shoulder injury (B = 10.91, p < 0.001), repetitive overhead movements (B = 6.06, p = 0.007), and healthcare-diagnosed shoulder conditions (B = 14.06, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Shoulder pain was highly prevalent among adults in the Jazan region and was associated with substantial disability in a significant proportion of affected individuals. Targeted prevention programs, ergo nomic interventions, and early clinical management are needed to reduce the burden of shoulder disorders and improve functional outcomes.

Key words: Shoulder pain, SPADI, disability, musculoskeletal disorders, prevalence, risk factors, Saudi Arabia, Jazan

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Pubmed Style

Madkhali NA, Alshamrani NM, Ghasham MH, Aljezani TI, Jathmi SM, Moafa AK, Altherwi MB, Alrajhi YA, S ARS, Hakami HA, Almindil AY, Turkistani AW, Alsultan AB, Ajimi HA, Ahmed AE. Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2026; 10(9): 2628-2640. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

Web Style

Madkhali NA, Alshamrani NM, Ghasham MH, Aljezani TI, Jathmi SM, Moafa AK, Altherwi MB, Alrajhi YA, S ARS, Hakami HA, Almindil AY, Turkistani AW, Alsultan AB, Ajimi HA, Ahmed AE. Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=324556 [Access: September 19, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Madkhali NA, Alshamrani NM, Ghasham MH, Aljezani TI, Jathmi SM, Moafa AK, Altherwi MB, Alrajhi YA, S ARS, Hakami HA, Almindil AY, Turkistani AW, Alsultan AB, Ajimi HA, Ahmed AE. Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2026; 10(9): 2628-2640. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Madkhali NA, Alshamrani NM, Ghasham MH, Aljezani TI, Jathmi SM, Moafa AK, Altherwi MB, Alrajhi YA, S ARS, Hakami HA, Almindil AY, Turkistani AW, Alsultan AB, Ajimi HA, Ahmed AE. Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. (2026), [cited September 19, 2026]; 10(9): 2628-2640. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

Harvard Style

Madkhali, N. A., Alshamrani, . N. M., Ghasham, . M. H., Aljezani, . T. I., Jathmi, . S. M., Moafa, . A. K., Altherwi, . M. B., Alrajhi, . Y. A., S, . A. R. S., Hakami, . H. A., Almindil, . A. Y., Turkistani, . A. W., Alsultan, . A. B., Ajimi, . H. A. & Ahmed, . A. E. (2026) Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, 10 (9), 2628-2640. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

Turabian Style

Madkhali, Nabeel A., Naif M. Alshamrani, Mohammed H. Ghasham, Turki I. Aljezani, Salman M. Jathmi, Ahmed K. Moafa, Mohammed B. Altherwi, Yazeed A. Alrajhi, Alsharari Rayan Saud S, Hadi A. Hakami, Ahmed Y. Almindil, Ahmed W. Turkistani, Alhussein B. Alsultan, Hassan A. Ajimi, and Anas E. Ahmed. 2026. Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (9), 2628-2640. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

Chicago Style

Madkhali, Nabeel A., Naif M. Alshamrani, Mohammed H. Ghasham, Turki I. Aljezani, Salman M. Jathmi, Ahmed K. Moafa, Mohammed B. Altherwi, Yazeed A. Alrajhi, Alsharari Rayan Saud S, Hadi A. Hakami, Ahmed Y. Almindil, Ahmed W. Turkistani, Alhussein B. Alsultan, Hassan A. Ajimi, and Anas E. Ahmed. "Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 2628-2640. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Madkhali, Nabeel A., Naif M. Alshamrani, Mohammed H. Ghasham, Turki I. Aljezani, Salman M. Jathmi, Ahmed K. Moafa, Mohammed B. Altherwi, Yazeed A. Alrajhi, Alsharari Rayan Saud S, Hadi A. Hakami, Ahmed Y. Almindil, Ahmed W. Turkistani, Alhussein B. Alsultan, Hassan A. Ajimi, and Anas E. Ahmed. "Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.9 (2026), 2628-2640. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Madkhali, N. A., Alshamrani, . N. M., Ghasham, . M. H., Aljezani, . T. I., Jathmi, . S. M., Moafa, . A. K., Altherwi, . M. B., Alrajhi, . Y. A., S, . A. R. S., Hakami, . H. A., Almindil, . A. Y., Turkistani, . A. W., Alsultan, . A. B., Ajimi, . H. A. & Ahmed, . A. E. (2026) Prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder related disability among adults in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (9), 2628-2640. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1781569317

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