Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman M Hakami; Mohammed H Ghasham; Abdualrahman E Ajeebi; Anwar M Alsalmani; Rimas A Zngwti; Abdulrahman A Moafa; Atheer A Buayti; Shahad S Frhat; Rahaf S Othathi; Arif A Haddadi; Norah M Ayyashi; Mostafa Mohrag; Luai Alhazmi; Ahmed Sayed; Mohammed Somaili

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

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Original Article
Online Published: 15 Jul 2026

IJMDC. 2026; 10(8): 2202-2213

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman M. Hakami, Mohammed H. Ghasham, Abdualrahman E. Ajeebi, Anwar M. Alsalmani, Rimas A. Zngwti, Abdulrahman A. Moafa, Atheer A. Buayti, Shahad S. Frhat, Rahaf S. Othathi, Arif A. Haddadi, Norah M. Ayyashi, Mostafa Mohrag, Luai Alhazmi, Ahmed Sayed, Mohammed Somaili.

Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the adult population of Jazan city, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 496 adult residents of Jazan city using a validated, self-administered online questionnaire distributed via social media platforms. KAP scores were then divided into three groups: high (≥80%), intermediate (60%-79%), and low (<60%), with the cutoff points being those defined by Bloom’s revised taxonomy.
Results: Only 27.8% of participants showed high knowledge, 3.6% showed high (favorable) attitude, and 25.4% high (safe) practice. There were critical gaps in knowledge, and only 35.3% identified that antibiot ics do not work for viruses. Unsafe practices were highly prevalent, such as premature discontinuation of treatment (57.9%), home stockpiling of antibiotics (43.6%), and procurement of antibiotics over the counter (36.9%). Female gender (aOR = 1.78-2.00), older age >45 years (aOR = 3.02), mid-to-high household income, and bachelor’s-level education were independent predictors of better KAP outcomes. Strong intercorrelations were observed across all three KAP domains (ρ = 0.449-0.682; all p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Adults in Jazan city had significant knowledge gaps, an unfavorable attitude, and unsafe antibiotic use patterns, which highlighted the need for targeted public awareness campaigns, enforcement of prescription-only laws, and locally developed antimicrobial stewardship measures.

Key words: Antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial stewardship, cross-sectional studies, health literacy, Saudi Arabia, self-medication

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Pubmed Style

Hakami AM, Ghasham MH, Ajeebi AE, Alsalmani AM, Zngwti RA, Moafa AA, Buayti AA, Frhat SS, Othathi RS, Haddadi AA, Ayyashi NM, Mohrag M, Alhazmi L, Sayed A, Somaili M. Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2026; 10(8): 2202-2213. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

Web Style

Hakami AM, Ghasham MH, Ajeebi AE, Alsalmani AM, Zngwti RA, Moafa AA, Buayti AA, Frhat SS, Othathi RS, Haddadi AA, Ayyashi NM, Mohrag M, Alhazmi L, Sayed A, Somaili M. Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=322080 [Access: August 25, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Hakami AM, Ghasham MH, Ajeebi AE, Alsalmani AM, Zngwti RA, Moafa AA, Buayti AA, Frhat SS, Othathi RS, Haddadi AA, Ayyashi NM, Mohrag M, Alhazmi L, Sayed A, Somaili M. Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2026; 10(8): 2202-2213. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Hakami AM, Ghasham MH, Ajeebi AE, Alsalmani AM, Zngwti RA, Moafa AA, Buayti AA, Frhat SS, Othathi RS, Haddadi AA, Ayyashi NM, Mohrag M, Alhazmi L, Sayed A, Somaili M. Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. (2026), [cited August 25, 2026]; 10(8): 2202-2213. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

Harvard Style

Hakami, A. M., Ghasham, . M. H., Ajeebi, . A. E., Alsalmani, . A. M., Zngwti, . R. A., Moafa, . A. A., Buayti, . A. A., Frhat, . S. S., Othathi, . R. S., Haddadi, . A. A., Ayyashi, . N. M., Mohrag, . M., Alhazmi, . L., Sayed, . A. & Somaili, . M. (2026) Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, 10 (8), 2202-2213. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

Turabian Style

Hakami, Abdulrahman M., Mohammed H. Ghasham, Abdualrahman E. Ajeebi, Anwar M. Alsalmani, Rimas A. Zngwti, Abdulrahman A. Moafa, Atheer A. Buayti, Shahad S. Frhat, Rahaf S. Othathi, Arif A. Haddadi, Norah M. Ayyashi, Mostafa Mohrag, Luai Alhazmi, Ahmed Sayed, and Mohammed Somaili. 2026. Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (8), 2202-2213. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

Chicago Style

Hakami, Abdulrahman M., Mohammed H. Ghasham, Abdualrahman E. Ajeebi, Anwar M. Alsalmani, Rimas A. Zngwti, Abdulrahman A. Moafa, Atheer A. Buayti, Shahad S. Frhat, Rahaf S. Othathi, Arif A. Haddadi, Norah M. Ayyashi, Mostafa Mohrag, Luai Alhazmi, Ahmed Sayed, and Mohammed Somaili. "Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 2202-2213. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Hakami, Abdulrahman M., Mohammed H. Ghasham, Abdualrahman E. Ajeebi, Anwar M. Alsalmani, Rimas A. Zngwti, Abdulrahman A. Moafa, Atheer A. Buayti, Shahad S. Frhat, Rahaf S. Othathi, Arif A. Haddadi, Norah M. Ayyashi, Mostafa Mohrag, Luai Alhazmi, Ahmed Sayed, and Mohammed Somaili. "Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.8 (2026), 2202-2213. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Hakami, A. M., Ghasham, . M. H., Ajeebi, . A. E., Alsalmani, . A. M., Zngwti, . R. A., Moafa, . A. A., Buayti, . A. A., Frhat, . S. S., Othathi, . R. S., Haddadi, . A. A., Ayyashi, . N. M., Mohrag, . M., Alhazmi, . L., Sayed, . A. & Somaili, . M. (2026) Sociodemographic predictors of antibiotic knowledge and usage patterns: a community-based study in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (8), 2202-2213. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1779640843

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