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Original Article
Online Published: 20 Dec 2025
 


Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study

Bandar F. Al-dhafery, Abdullah M. Alotaibi, Ahmad H. Alwosaibie, Abdulaziz M. Althwanay, Ibrahim E. Almaski.


Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate primary healthcare physicians’ attitudes and knowledge about radiation hazards, safety protocols, and protective measures in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
Methods: This cross-sectional investigation involved primary health-care doctors practicing throughout the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. A validated, self-administered questionnaire was circulated via social media channels and within the region's primary healthcare centers (PHCs). The instrument gathered information on simple demographic factors-gender, medical specialty, and years in practice-along with twenty items measuring knowledge and six assessing attitudes.
Results: Of the 207 PHC-physicians (PHCPs), 60.4% (n=125) were males, and 187 (90.3%) were family physicians. Results showed that 50.2% (n=104) had poor knowledge, and 13.5% (n=40) had a negative attitude toward radiation hazards, protection, and safety. Increased attitude (p-value=0.001) and knowledge (p<0.001) scores were associated with being non-family physicians, while female physicians were associated with having superior knowledge score (p-value=0.020), but not with attitude (p-value=0.692). Interestingly, this study found no significant correlations between attitude and knowledge scores (p-value=0.420).
Conclusion: There were an unsatisfactory attitude and knowledge among PHCPs towards radiation hazards, safety, and protection. Male family physicians might exhibit a lack of perspective towards imaging hazards compared to their female counterparts. Continuing medical education is necessary to improve physicians' understanding of radiation ionization.

Key words: Family physicians, primary healthcare, radiation, knowledge, attitude.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Al-dhafery BF, Alotaibi AM, Alwosaibie AH, Althwanay AM, Almaski IE. Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. 2025; 9(12): 3047-3054. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1756433904

Web Style

Al-dhafery BF, Alotaibi AM, Alwosaibie AH, Althwanay AM, Almaski IE. Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=280478 [Access: January 16, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1756433904

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Al-dhafery BF, Alotaibi AM, Alwosaibie AH, Althwanay AM, Almaski IE. Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. 2025; 9(12): 3047-3054. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1756433904


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Al-dhafery BF, Alotaibi AM, Alwosaibie AH, Althwanay AM, Almaski IE. Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. (2025), [cited January 16, 2026]; 9(12): 3047-3054. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1756433904


Harvard Style

Al-dhafery, B. F., Alotaibi, . A. M., Alwosaibie, . A. H., Althwanay, . A. M. & Almaski, . I. E. (2025) Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study. IJMDC, 9 (12), 3047-3054. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1756433904


Turabian Style

Al-dhafery, Bandar F., Abdullah M. Alotaibi, Ahmad H. Alwosaibie, Abdulaziz M. Althwanay, and Ibrahim E. Almaski. 2025. Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (12), 3047-3054. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1756433904


Chicago Style

Al-dhafery, Bandar F., Abdullah M. Alotaibi, Ahmad H. Alwosaibie, Abdulaziz M. Althwanay, and Ibrahim E. Almaski. "Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9 (2025), 3047-3054. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1756433904


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Al-dhafery, Bandar F., Abdullah M. Alotaibi, Ahmad H. Alwosaibie, Abdulaziz M. Althwanay, and Ibrahim E. Almaski. "Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9.12 (2025), 3047-3054. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1756433904


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Al-dhafery, B. F., Alotaibi, . A. M., Alwosaibie, . A. H., Althwanay, . A. M. & Almaski, . I. E. (2025) Awareness of radiation hazards, protection, and safety among physicians in primary health care centers, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia; a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (12), 3047-3054. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1756433904




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