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Original Article
Online Published: 26 Apr 2025
 


Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia

Ayat Elzayat, Fikrah Mohammed Emad Alshami, Zainab Attiyah Hussain Alnuwaiqi, Sara Mohammed Naser Shahwan, Sara Naseem Khan, Muna Mustafa Nuru, Khulud Idris Nur, Basma Emad, Angie M. Ameen, Enas Metwally.


Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between patient activation and self-stigma among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Saudi Arabia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, with 288 adult participants diagnosed with T2DM. Data were collected using a questionnaire that included demographic information, diabetes-related factors, the Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13), and the Type 2 Diabetes Stigma Assessment Scale (DSAS-2).
Results: The mean age of participants was 51 years, with 67.7% being female. The majority (77%) exhibited high levels of patient activation, while 62% of participants reported moderate levels of diabetes-related stigma. The mean stigma score was 43 (±17), with higher scores in the “blame”” dimension. Statistically significant associations were found between patient activation and marital status, adherence to a specific diet, and diabetes control as indicated by HbA1c levels.
Conclusion: This study highlighted the significant role of patient activation in managing T2DM and the moderate levels of self-stigma among patients in Saudi Arabia. Although self-stigma did not show a direct impact on patient activation behaviors, factors such as marital status, diet adherence, and diabetes control were positively associated with higher patient activation, suggesting that interventions to improve these aspects might enhance patient engagement in diabetes management.

Key words: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetes management, diabetes stigma, patient activation, Saudi Arabia


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Elzayat A, Alshami FME, Alnuwaiqi ZAH, Shahwan SMN, Khan SN, Nuru MM, Nur KI, Emad B, Ameen AM, Metwally E. Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2025; 9(4): 837-844. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1738732311

Web Style

Elzayat A, Alshami FME, Alnuwaiqi ZAH, Shahwan SMN, Khan SN, Nuru MM, Nur KI, Emad B, Ameen AM, Metwally E. Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=241147 [Access: May 14, 2025]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1738732311

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Elzayat A, Alshami FME, Alnuwaiqi ZAH, Shahwan SMN, Khan SN, Nuru MM, Nur KI, Emad B, Ameen AM, Metwally E. Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2025; 9(4): 837-844. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1738732311


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Elzayat A, Alshami FME, Alnuwaiqi ZAH, Shahwan SMN, Khan SN, Nuru MM, Nur KI, Emad B, Ameen AM, Metwally E. Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. (2025), [cited May 14, 2025]; 9(4): 837-844. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1738732311


Harvard Style

Elzayat, A., Alshami, . F. M. E., Alnuwaiqi, . Z. A. H., Shahwan, . S. M. N., Khan, . S. N., Nuru, . M. M., Nur, . K. I., Emad, . B., Ameen, . A. M. & Metwally, . E. (2025) Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, 9 (4), 837-844. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1738732311


Turabian Style

Elzayat, Ayat, Fikrah Mohammed Emad Alshami, Zainab Attiyah Hussain Alnuwaiqi, Sara Mohammed Naser Shahwan, Sara Naseem Khan, Muna Mustafa Nuru, Khulud Idris Nur, Basma Emad, Angie M. Ameen, and Enas Metwally. 2025. Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (4), 837-844. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1738732311


Chicago Style

Elzayat, Ayat, Fikrah Mohammed Emad Alshami, Zainab Attiyah Hussain Alnuwaiqi, Sara Mohammed Naser Shahwan, Sara Naseem Khan, Muna Mustafa Nuru, Khulud Idris Nur, Basma Emad, Angie M. Ameen, and Enas Metwally. "Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9 (2025), 837-844. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1738732311


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Elzayat, Ayat, Fikrah Mohammed Emad Alshami, Zainab Attiyah Hussain Alnuwaiqi, Sara Mohammed Naser Shahwan, Sara Naseem Khan, Muna Mustafa Nuru, Khulud Idris Nur, Basma Emad, Angie M. Ameen, and Enas Metwally. "Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 9.4 (2025), 837-844. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1738732311


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Elzayat, A., Alshami, . F. M. E., Alnuwaiqi, . Z. A. H., Shahwan, . S. M. N., Khan, . S. N., Nuru, . M. M., Nur, . K. I., Emad, . B., Ameen, . A. M. & Metwally, . E. (2025) Patient activation and self-stigma among type-2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 9 (4), 837-844. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1738732311




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