Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options

Omar Ali Batouk; Ibrahim Musaad Alzahrani; Majd Amjed Saemaldahar; Abdullatif M. Alshanqiti; Feras Ibrahim Alhazmi; Mohammed Ibrahim Alshinkity; Basem Zogel

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

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Review Article
Online Published: 20 May 2024

IJMDC. 2024; 8(6): 1538-1545

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options

Omar Ali Batouk, Ibrahim Musaad Alzahrani, Majd Amjed Saemaldahar, Abdullatif M. Alshanqiti, Feras Ibrahim Alhazmi, Mohammed Ibrahim Alshinkity, Basem Zogel.

Abstract
Progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disease that can cause significant deformity and disability. This review article aimed to overview the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options for PCFD. Google Scholar and PubMed were searched specifically for publications published up until May 2023 through several keywords. Inclusion criteria were articles on PCFD and articles published in English. The exclusion criteria were related to flexible flatfoot, vertical talus condition, and non-English articles. PCFD can present with various symptoms and signs, including elongation of the tibialis posterior tendon, hindfoot valgus deformity, forefoot abduction, weakness on the single-heel-rise test, and too-many-toes signs. The footprint assessment can be used easily and effectively to detect PCFD. Diagnosis of PCFD must be according to a thorough history taking, physical check-up, and appropriate imaging studies. Treatment options for PCFD range from conservative measures such as orthotic devices and physical therapy to more aggressive measures such as tendon transfers, arthroereisis, and implant-based reconstructions. The therapeutic plan should be individualized to the patient’s requirements and comorbidities. Different surgical modalities are available to manage flat foot deformity, including arthroereisis, lateral column lengthening, medializing calcaneal osteotomy, dorsal opening wedge osteotomy, and cotton osteotomy. Each intervention has its benefits and disadvantages, and the most appropriate modality should be selected according to the kind and severity of the deformity, the patient’s features and risk factors, and the surgeon’s experience. Pre- and postoperative patient-reported outcomes measurement information system scores can help to evaluate treatment outcomes.

Key words: Evaluation, flat foot, treatment, deformity, diagnosis

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Pubmed Style

Batouk OA, Alzahrani IM, Saemaldahar MA, Alshanqiti AM, Alhazmi FI, Alshinkity MI, Zogel B. Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options. IJMDC. 2024; 8(6): 1538-1545. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

Web Style

Batouk OA, Alzahrani IM, Saemaldahar MA, Alshanqiti AM, Alhazmi FI, Alshinkity MI, Zogel B. Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=198215 [Access: June 27, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Batouk OA, Alzahrani IM, Saemaldahar MA, Alshanqiti AM, Alhazmi FI, Alshinkity MI, Zogel B. Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options. IJMDC. 2024; 8(6): 1538-1545. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Batouk OA, Alzahrani IM, Saemaldahar MA, Alshanqiti AM, Alhazmi FI, Alshinkity MI, Zogel B. Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options. IJMDC. (2024), [cited June 27, 2026]; 8(6): 1538-1545. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

Harvard Style

Batouk, O. A., Alzahrani, . I. M., Saemaldahar, . M. A., Alshanqiti, . A. M., Alhazmi, . F. I., Alshinkity, . M. I. & Zogel, . B. (2024) Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options. IJMDC, 8 (6), 1538-1545. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

Turabian Style

Batouk, Omar Ali, Ibrahim Musaad Alzahrani, Majd Amjed Saemaldahar, Abdullatif M. Alshanqiti, Feras Ibrahim Alhazmi, Mohammed Ibrahim Alshinkity, and Basem Zogel. 2024. Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 8 (6), 1538-1545. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

Chicago Style

Batouk, Omar Ali, Ibrahim Musaad Alzahrani, Majd Amjed Saemaldahar, Abdullatif M. Alshanqiti, Feras Ibrahim Alhazmi, Mohammed Ibrahim Alshinkity, and Basem Zogel. "Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 8 (2024), 1538-1545. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Batouk, Omar Ali, Ibrahim Musaad Alzahrani, Majd Amjed Saemaldahar, Abdullatif M. Alshanqiti, Feras Ibrahim Alhazmi, Mohammed Ibrahim Alshinkity, and Basem Zogel. "Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 8.6 (2024), 1538-1545. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Batouk, O. A., Alzahrani, . I. M., Saemaldahar, . M. A., Alshanqiti, . A. M., Alhazmi, . F. I., Alshinkity, . M. I. & Zogel, . B. (2024) Progressive collapsing foot deformity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 8 (6), 1538-1545. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1713449645

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