Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review

Ali Mohammed Alferdos; Hind Ameen Alshankiti; Amenah Hyder Aljumah; Fatimah Abdulrahim Alahmad; Jehan Akbar Kimawi; Nada Dhafer Albishi; Rawan Yousef Bonayan; Safa Adil Osman Mohamed; Zainab Ahmed Ayoob; Sultan Farhan Alharshani

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

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Review Article
Online Published: 05 Nov 2023

IJMDC. 2023; 7(12): 1993-1999

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review

Ali Mohammed Alferdos, Hind Ameen Alshankiti, Amenah Hyder Aljumah, Fatimah Abdulrahim Alahmad, Jehan Akbar Kimawi, Nada Dhafer Albishi, Rawan Yousef Bonayan, Safa Adil Osman Mohamed, Zainab Ahmed Ayoob, Sultan Farhan Alharshani.

Abstract
Gynecomastia, a benign expansion of the glandular tissue in the male breast, is frequent in middle-aged and older males as well as in infancy and adolescence. Male obese patients frequently exhibit pseudogynecomastia, which is defined as fat-deposition without glandular proliferation. Its causes can be anything from uncommon neoplasms to harmless physiological processes. This systemic review aimed to examine surgical management strategies for gynecomastia. Data sources were PubMed/Medline and Embase. This review investigated English-language articles (from 2010 to 2023) according to the PRISMA guidelines. Surveys and analyses of national databases were the most widely used methods. The research identified 395 studies, out of which five were eligible for inclusion in the current analysis. Since estrogen and androgens are in balance in males, gynecomastia can be caused by any illness or medicine that raises or lowers the amount of circulating estrogen or androgen, respectively, resulting in an increase in the ratio of estrogen to androgen. Because there are so many potential causes, including neoplasms, a comprehensive history and physical examination are essential. Following the diagnosis of gynecomastia, treating the underlying cause is necessary. If underlying reason is not found then careful observation is necessary. Medical treatment might be an option if gynecomastia is severe and have started recently; if this proves unsuccessful, glandular tissue might be required to be removed surgically.

Key words: Epidemiology, causes, management, gynecomastia, systematic review

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Pubmed Style

Alferdos AM, Alshankiti HA, Aljumah AH, Alahmad FA, Kimawi JA, Albishi ND, Bonayan RY, Mohamed SAO, Ayoob ZA, Alharshani SF. Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review. IJMDC. 2023; 7(12): 1993-1999. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

Web Style

Alferdos AM, Alshankiti HA, Aljumah AH, Alahmad FA, Kimawi JA, Albishi ND, Bonayan RY, Mohamed SAO, Ayoob ZA, Alharshani SF. Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=172277 [Access: September 29, 2024]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Alferdos AM, Alshankiti HA, Aljumah AH, Alahmad FA, Kimawi JA, Albishi ND, Bonayan RY, Mohamed SAO, Ayoob ZA, Alharshani SF. Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review. IJMDC. 2023; 7(12): 1993-1999. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Alferdos AM, Alshankiti HA, Aljumah AH, Alahmad FA, Kimawi JA, Albishi ND, Bonayan RY, Mohamed SAO, Ayoob ZA, Alharshani SF. Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review. IJMDC. (2023), [cited September 29, 2024]; 7(12): 1993-1999. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

Harvard Style

Alferdos, A. M., Alshankiti, . H. A., Aljumah, . A. H., Alahmad, . F. A., Kimawi, . J. A., Albishi, . N. D., Bonayan, . R. Y., Mohamed, . S. A. O., Ayoob, . Z. A. & Alharshani, . S. F. (2023) Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review. IJMDC, 7 (12), 1993-1999. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

Turabian Style

Alferdos, Ali Mohammed, Hind Ameen Alshankiti, Amenah Hyder Aljumah, Fatimah Abdulrahim Alahmad, Jehan Akbar Kimawi, Nada Dhafer Albishi, Rawan Yousef Bonayan, Safa Adil Osman Mohamed, Zainab Ahmed Ayoob, and Sultan Farhan Alharshani. 2023. Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 7 (12), 1993-1999. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

Chicago Style

Alferdos, Ali Mohammed, Hind Ameen Alshankiti, Amenah Hyder Aljumah, Fatimah Abdulrahim Alahmad, Jehan Akbar Kimawi, Nada Dhafer Albishi, Rawan Yousef Bonayan, Safa Adil Osman Mohamed, Zainab Ahmed Ayoob, and Sultan Farhan Alharshani. "Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 7 (2023), 1993-1999. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Alferdos, Ali Mohammed, Hind Ameen Alshankiti, Amenah Hyder Aljumah, Fatimah Abdulrahim Alahmad, Jehan Akbar Kimawi, Nada Dhafer Albishi, Rawan Yousef Bonayan, Safa Adil Osman Mohamed, Zainab Ahmed Ayoob, and Sultan Farhan Alharshani. "Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 7.12 (2023), 1993-1999. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Alferdos, A. M., Alshankiti, . H. A., Aljumah, . A. H., Alahmad, . F. A., Kimawi, . J. A., Albishi, . N. D., Bonayan, . R. Y., Mohamed, . S. A. O., Ayoob, . Z. A. & Alharshani, . S. F. (2023) Epidemiology, causes and management of gynecomastia; a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 7 (12), 1993-1999. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1696606269

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