Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review

Amirah Essa Hussain Jafari; ‏Shaima Abdullah Ibrahim Hamzi; ‏Alaa Gasem Ali Rdaei; Atyaf Hassan Abdullah Khowaji; Ebtehal Abdulwahab Ahmad Abdulfattah; ‏Raghad Mohammed Yahya Musawi; Abdulaziz Mohsen Salman Abdali; Hanan Ahmed Bakri

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

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Review Article
Online Published: 11 Dec 2023

IJMDC. 2024; 8(1): 272-279

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review

Amirah Essa Hussain Jafari, ‏shaima Abdullah Ibrahim Hamzi, ‏alaa Gasem Ali Rdaei, Atyaf Hassan Abdullah Khowaji, Ebtehal Abdulwahab Ahmad Abdulfattah, ‏raghad Mohammed Yahya Musawi, Abdulaziz Mohsen Salman Abdali, Hanan Ahmed Bakri.

Abstract
Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is the presence of replication-competent DNA of the hepatitis B virus in the blood or liver of individuals who display a negative test for hepatitis B surface antigen. There are many clinical implications of OBI, including blood product transfusion, the occurrence of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver transplantation. OBI is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and might influence the progression of the disease, and the response of chronic hepatitis C to the treatment. Thus, this review was conducted to assess the clinical implications of OBI by reviewing the previous studies conducted on this subject. Electronic databases, including PubMed, BioMed Central, Scopus, Elsevier, Springer, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Science Direct, were revised for articles published between 2013 and 2023. A total of 2,880 articles were obtained, and only ten articles were found eligible and were included in the final analysis. There was heterogeneity in findings between the included studies; however, it was concluded that OBI could cause the progression to HCC and cause deterioration in HCV patients based on the presence of additive risk factors.

Key words: OBI, HCC, HCV, Clinical implications, Review.

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Pubmed Style

Jafari AEH, Hamzi �AI, Rdaei �GA, Khowaji AHA, Abdulfattah EAA, Musawi �MY, Abdali AMS, Bakri HA. Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review. IJMDC. 2024; 8(1): 272-279. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

Web Style

Jafari AEH, Hamzi �AI, Rdaei �GA, Khowaji AHA, Abdulfattah EAA, Musawi �MY, Abdali AMS, Bakri HA. Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=157461 [Access: June 27, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Jafari AEH, Hamzi �AI, Rdaei �GA, Khowaji AHA, Abdulfattah EAA, Musawi �MY, Abdali AMS, Bakri HA. Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review. IJMDC. 2024; 8(1): 272-279. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Jafari AEH, Hamzi �AI, Rdaei �GA, Khowaji AHA, Abdulfattah EAA, Musawi �MY, Abdali AMS, Bakri HA. Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review. IJMDC. (2024), [cited June 27, 2026]; 8(1): 272-279. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

Harvard Style

Jafari, A. E. H., Hamzi, . �. A. I., Rdaei, . �. G. A., Khowaji, . A. H. A., Abdulfattah, . E. A. A., Musawi, . �. M. Y., Abdali, . A. M. S. & Bakri, . H. A. (2024) Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review. IJMDC, 8 (1), 272-279. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

Turabian Style

Jafari, Amirah Essa Hussain, ‏shaima Abdullah Ibrahim Hamzi, ‏alaa Gasem Ali Rdaei, Atyaf Hassan Abdullah Khowaji, Ebtehal Abdulwahab Ahmad Abdulfattah, ‏raghad Mohammed Yahya Musawi, Abdulaziz Mohsen Salman Abdali, and Hanan Ahmed Bakri. 2024. Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 8 (1), 272-279. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

Chicago Style

Jafari, Amirah Essa Hussain, ‏shaima Abdullah Ibrahim Hamzi, ‏alaa Gasem Ali Rdaei, Atyaf Hassan Abdullah Khowaji, Ebtehal Abdulwahab Ahmad Abdulfattah, ‏raghad Mohammed Yahya Musawi, Abdulaziz Mohsen Salman Abdali, and Hanan Ahmed Bakri. "Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 8 (2024), 272-279. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Jafari, Amirah Essa Hussain, ‏shaima Abdullah Ibrahim Hamzi, ‏alaa Gasem Ali Rdaei, Atyaf Hassan Abdullah Khowaji, Ebtehal Abdulwahab Ahmad Abdulfattah, ‏raghad Mohammed Yahya Musawi, Abdulaziz Mohsen Salman Abdali, and Hanan Ahmed Bakri. "Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 8.1 (2024), 272-279. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Jafari, A. E. H., Hamzi, . �. A. I., Rdaei, . �. G. A., Khowaji, . A. H. A., Abdulfattah, . E. A. A., Musawi, . �. M. Y., Abdali, . A. M. S. & Bakri, . H. A. (2024) Occult hepatitis B infection and clinical implications; a systematic review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 8 (1), 272-279. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1686700669

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