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Original Article

IJMDC. 2023; 7(6): 880-885

DOI: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656

Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Authors: Raghad T. Habib, Eman M. Elsayed, Razan S. Bazarah, Refal A. Alahmadi, Rahaf S. Alharbi, Enas H. Alwali.

ABSTRACT

Background: Recent studies showed a relationship between depression and vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess this relationship among adults in Saudi Arabia. Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey among a convenient sample of adults in Saudi Arabia using PHQ-9 to screen depression for a duration of 3 months. Results: Among 861 participants included in the study, 419 had vitamin D deficiency, and 121 were without vitamin D deficiency. Based on the PHQ-9, depression was more prevalent among participants with vitamin D deficiency (90.4%) in comparison with participants without vitamin D deficiency (70.2%). In the vitamin D deficiency group, moderately severe and severe forms were more abundant in those with vitamin D levels <20 ng/ ml compared to participants whose vitamin D levels exceeded 20 ng/ml (17.6% and 18.8% versus 11.1% and 5.6%, respectively), p = 0.002. Conclusion: This study found a significant association between depression and vitamin D deficiency among Saudi adults. Further studies on larger study samples are recommended to validate the study findings.

Keywords:
Vitamin D, deficiency, depression, patients health questionnaire-9, relationship.

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Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Authors
Raghad T Habib
Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
PubMed articles Google scholar articles

Eman M Elsayed
Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
PubMed articles Google scholar articles

Razan S Bazarah
Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
PubMed articles Google scholar articles

Refal A Alahmadi
Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
PubMed articles Google scholar articles

Rahaf S Alharbi
Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
PubMed articles Google scholar articles

Enas H Alwali
Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
PubMed articles Google scholar articles

Correspondence to:
. Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia; raghad.tu37@gmail.com

Publication history
Received 08 Jan 2023
Accepted 12 Jan 2023
Published online 13 Jan 2023
Published in print 13 Mar 2023

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Pubmed Style

Habib RT, Elsayed EM, Bazarah RS, Alahmadi RA, Alharbi RS, Alwali EH. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. 2023; 7(6): 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656

Web Style

Habib RT, Elsayed EM, Bazarah RS, Alahmadi RA, Alharbi RS, Alwali EH. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=137793 [Access: May 28, 2023]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Habib RT, Elsayed EM, Bazarah RS, Alahmadi RA, Alharbi RS, Alwali EH. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. (2023), [cited May 28, 2023]; 7(6): 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656

Harvard Style

Habib, R. T., Elsayed, . E. M., Bazarah, . R. S., Alahmadi, . R. A., Alharbi, . R. S. & Alwali, . E. H. (2023) Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC, 7 (6), 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656

Turabian Style

Habib, Raghad T., Eman M. Elsayed, Razan S. Bazarah, Refal A. Alahmadi, Rahaf S. Alharbi, and Enas H. Alwali. 2023. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 7 (6), 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656

Chicago Style

Habib, Raghad T., Eman M. Elsayed, Razan S. Bazarah, Refal A. Alahmadi, Rahaf S. Alharbi, and Enas H. Alwali. "Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 7 (2023), 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Habib, R. T., Elsayed, . E. M., Bazarah, . R. S., Alahmadi, . R. A., Alharbi, . R. S. & Alwali, . E. H. (2023) Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 7 (6), 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656

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International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries