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2024, Vol: 8, Issue: 5
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Review Article

Online Publishing Date:
21 / 08 / 2021

 


Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review

Samiha Fahad Khayyat, Meshari Saeed Alzahrani, Salah Hassan Khafaji, Muhammad Irfanullah Siddiqui.


Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a highly infectious enveloped RNA virus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. In the emerging COVID-19, ocular and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations were described in the literature. These signs and symptoms may be the result of range of pathophysiological mechanisms that occurs during the acute illness but are still not well understood. In this review, we will discuss the ocular and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings associated with COVID-19 infection.

Key words: COVID-19, neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, ocular manifestations.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Khayyat SF, Alzahrani MS, Khafaji SH, Siddiqui MI. Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review. IJMDC. 2021; 5(8): 1528-1534. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1624435382

Web Style

Khayyat SF, Alzahrani MS, Khafaji SH, Siddiqui MI. Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=90036 [Access: March 26, 2024]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1624435382

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Khayyat SF, Alzahrani MS, Khafaji SH, Siddiqui MI. Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review. IJMDC. 2021; 5(8): 1528-1534. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1624435382


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Khayyat SF, Alzahrani MS, Khafaji SH, Siddiqui MI. Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review. IJMDC. (2021), [cited March 26, 2024]; 5(8): 1528-1534. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1624435382


Harvard Style

Khayyat, S. F., Alzahrani, . M. S., Khafaji, . S. H. & Siddiqui, . M. I. (2021) Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review. IJMDC, 5 (8), 1528-1534. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1624435382


Turabian Style

Khayyat, Samiha Fahad, Meshari Saeed Alzahrani, Salah Hassan Khafaji, and Muhammad Irfanullah Siddiqui. 2021. Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 5 (8), 1528-1534. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1624435382


Chicago Style

Khayyat, Samiha Fahad, Meshari Saeed Alzahrani, Salah Hassan Khafaji, and Muhammad Irfanullah Siddiqui. "Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 5 (2021), 1528-1534. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1624435382


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Khayyat, Samiha Fahad, Meshari Saeed Alzahrani, Salah Hassan Khafaji, and Muhammad Irfanullah Siddiqui. "Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 5.8 (2021), 1528-1534. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1624435382


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Khayyat, S. F., Alzahrani, . M. S., Khafaji, . S. H. & Siddiqui, . M. I. (2021) Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and findings in COVID-19: a review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 5 (8), 1528-1534. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1624435382




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