The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review

Enas Kassem; Noha Yahya Barradah

doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

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Review Article

Online Publishing Date:
14 / 04 / 2021

IJMDC. 2021; 5(5): 1248-1256

doi: 10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review

Enas Kassem, Noha Yahya Barradah.

Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It is one of the most common disabling diseases with many motor and cognitive dysfunctions causing dependency and poor quality of life making efficient treatment mandatory. The aim of this review is to highlight the prevalence of PD worldwide and in the Middle East, understand its pathophysiological mechanism, and discuss and evaluate the main lines of treatment for PD and their targets in treating the motor and cognitive dysfunctions. Motor dysfunctions were mainly due to dopaminergic alterations in the basal ganglia (BG). They were usually presented as bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, and postural instability. Dementia is the most common cognitive dysfunction in the disease. The main goal of treatment was to treat the dopaminergic dysfunction with a variety of pharmacological methods, including dopamine (DA) precursors, such as levodopa, DA agonists, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. There were other lines of treatment, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), stem cell transplantation, and gene therapy. In this review, it was found that the DA precursor, levodopa, is considered the standard therapy for PD. However, it is better to delay the usage of it, especially in young age. DBS and cell transplantation could be promising treatments in the future as they need further exploration. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation shows significant effects in improving the quality of life.

Key words: Parkinson's disease, dopamine, basal ganglia, motor dysfunctions, and cognitive dysfunctions.

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Pubmed Style

Kassem E, Barradah NY. The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review. IJMDC. 2021; 5(5): 1248-1256. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

Web Style

Kassem E, Barradah NY. The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=69267 [Access: March 26, 2024]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Kassem E, Barradah NY. The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review. IJMDC. 2021; 5(5): 1248-1256. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Kassem E, Barradah NY. The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review. IJMDC. (2021), [cited March 26, 2024]; 5(5): 1248-1256. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

Harvard Style

Kassem, E. & Barradah, . N. Y. (2021) The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review. IJMDC, 5 (5), 1248-1256. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

Turabian Style

Kassem, Enas, and Noha Yahya Barradah. 2021. The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 5 (5), 1248-1256. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

Chicago Style

Kassem, Enas, and Noha Yahya Barradah. "The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 5 (2021), 1248-1256. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Kassem, Enas, and Noha Yahya Barradah. "The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 5.5 (2021), 1248-1256. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Kassem, E. & Barradah, . N. Y. (2021) The rationale of treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease in relation to motor and cognitive dysfunctions: a review. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 5 (5), 1248-1256. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1617182391

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