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2026, Vol: 10, Issue: 9
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Review Article
Online Published: 27 Aug 2026
 


The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis

Neyaf Nouh, Alyazid Alanazi, Abdullah Aldakhil, Naif Alghassab, Mohammed Alotaibi, Abdullah Alobodi, Fahad Alzahrani, Abdullah Alghamdi, Bader Aldhafeeri, Mohammad Alshammri.


Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is one of the most common clinical syndromes and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting 64 million people. The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) is a new composite biomarker from standard blood tests that also reflects the imbalance between inflammation and immune response, thrombosis, and adaptive immunity and may capture the multifactorial immune imbalance in cardiovascular diseases. This systematic review and diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis assessed the prognostic value of SII in adult patients with HF while clarifying its role in clinical decision-making. A comprehensive systematic search of the literature was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase from their inception until August 2025. Six studies were included in the systematic analysis. The current analysis showed a significant association (HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.22, p < 0.0001), with high heterogeneity. The sensitivity was 73% (95% CI: 0.62-0.82), and the specificity was 70% (95% CI: 0.57-0.81). The diagnostic odds ratio was 6.34 (95% CI: 2.95-13.6). The likelihood ratio for a positive test was 2.45 (95% CI: 1.59-3.76) and for a negative test 0.387 (95% CI: 0.259-0.578). The false positive rate was 0.297 (95% CI: 0.191-0.43). To summarize, the current evidence indicated only moderate accuracy, limiting its utility as a sole predictor of mortality. Its greatest value might be in combination with existing risk models, and further large, prospective studies are needed to validate its clinical utility and refine its application.

Key words: Systemic immune-inflammation index, heart failure, prognosis, mortality, inflammation, meta-analysis


 
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Pubmed Style

Nouh N, Alanazi A, Aldakhil A, Alghassab N, Alotaibi M, Alobodi A, Alzahrani F, Alghamdi A, Aldhafeeri B, Alshammri M. The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. IJMDC. 2026; 10(9): 2803-2810. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1782338494

Web Style

Nouh N, Alanazi A, Aldakhil A, Alghassab N, Alotaibi M, Alobodi A, Alzahrani F, Alghamdi A, Aldhafeeri B, Alshammri M. The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=325617 [Access: September 19, 2026]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1782338494

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Nouh N, Alanazi A, Aldakhil A, Alghassab N, Alotaibi M, Alobodi A, Alzahrani F, Alghamdi A, Aldhafeeri B, Alshammri M. The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. IJMDC. 2026; 10(9): 2803-2810. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1782338494


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Nouh N, Alanazi A, Aldakhil A, Alghassab N, Alotaibi M, Alobodi A, Alzahrani F, Alghamdi A, Aldhafeeri B, Alshammri M. The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. IJMDC. (2026), [cited September 19, 2026]; 10(9): 2803-2810. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1782338494


Harvard Style

Nouh, N., Alanazi, . A., Aldakhil, . A., Alghassab, . N., Alotaibi, . M., Alobodi, . A., Alzahrani, . F., Alghamdi, . A., Aldhafeeri, . B. & Alshammri, . M. (2026) The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. IJMDC, 10 (9), 2803-2810. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1782338494


Turabian Style

Nouh, Neyaf, Alyazid Alanazi, Abdullah Aldakhil, Naif Alghassab, Mohammed Alotaibi, Abdullah Alobodi, Fahad Alzahrani, Abdullah Alghamdi, Bader Aldhafeeri, and Mohammad Alshammri. 2026. The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (9), 2803-2810. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1782338494


Chicago Style

Nouh, Neyaf, Alyazid Alanazi, Abdullah Aldakhil, Naif Alghassab, Mohammed Alotaibi, Abdullah Alobodi, Fahad Alzahrani, Abdullah Alghamdi, Bader Aldhafeeri, and Mohammad Alshammri. "The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10 (2026), 2803-2810. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1782338494


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Nouh, Neyaf, Alyazid Alanazi, Abdullah Aldakhil, Naif Alghassab, Mohammed Alotaibi, Abdullah Alobodi, Fahad Alzahrani, Abdullah Alghamdi, Bader Aldhafeeri, and Mohammad Alshammri. "The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 10.9 (2026), 2803-2810. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1782338494


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Nouh, N., Alanazi, . A., Aldakhil, . A., Alghassab, . N., Alotaibi, . M., Alobodi, . A., Alzahrani, . F., Alghamdi, . A., Aldhafeeri, . B. & Alshammri, . M. (2026) The prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 10 (9), 2803-2810. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1782338494




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