E-ISSN 1658-7820
 

Original Article

Online Publishing Date:
08 / 02 / 2023

 


Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Raghad T. Habib, Eman M. Elsayed, Razan S. Bazarah, Refal A. Alahmadi, Rahaf S. Alharbi, Enas H. Alwali.


Abstract
Background: Recent studies showed a relationship between depression and vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess this relationship among adults in Saudi Arabia.
Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey among a convenient sample of adults in Saudi Arabia using PHQ-9 to screen depression for a duration of 3 months.
Results: Among 861 participants included in the study, 419 had vitamin D deficiency, and 121 were without vitamin D deficiency. Based on the PHQ-9, depression was more prevalent among participants with vitamin D deficiency (90.4%) in comparison with participants without vitamin D deficiency (70.2%). In the vitamin D deficiency group, moderately severe and severe forms were more abundant in those with vitamin D levels <20 ng/ ml compared to participants whose vitamin D levels exceeded 20 ng/ml (17.6% and 18.8% versus 11.1% and 5.6%, respectively), p = 0.002.
Conclusion: This study found a significant association between depression and vitamin D deficiency among Saudi adults. Further studies on larger study samples are recommended to validate the study findings.

Key words: Vitamin D, deficiency, depression, patients health questionnaire-9, relationship.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Habib RT, Elsayed EM, Bazarah RS, Alahmadi RA, Alharbi RS, Alwali EH. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. 2023; 7(6): 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656


Web Style

Habib RT, Elsayed EM, Bazarah RS, Alahmadi RA, Alharbi RS, Alwali EH. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. https://www.ijmdc.com/?mno=137793 [Access: March 26, 2024]. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656


AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Habib RT, Elsayed EM, Bazarah RS, Alahmadi RA, Alharbi RS, Alwali EH. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. 2023; 7(6): 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656



Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Habib RT, Elsayed EM, Bazarah RS, Alahmadi RA, Alharbi RS, Alwali EH. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC. (2023), [cited March 26, 2024]; 7(6): 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656



Harvard Style

Habib, R. T., Elsayed, . E. M., Bazarah, . R. S., Alahmadi, . R. A., Alharbi, . R. S. & Alwali, . E. H. (2023) Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. IJMDC, 7 (6), 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656



Turabian Style

Habib, Raghad T., Eman M. Elsayed, Razan S. Bazarah, Refal A. Alahmadi, Rahaf S. Alharbi, and Enas H. Alwali. 2023. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 7 (6), 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656



Chicago Style

Habib, Raghad T., Eman M. Elsayed, Razan S. Bazarah, Refal A. Alahmadi, Rahaf S. Alharbi, and Enas H. Alwali. "Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 7 (2023), 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656



MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Habib, Raghad T., Eman M. Elsayed, Razan S. Bazarah, Refal A. Alahmadi, Rahaf S. Alharbi, and Enas H. Alwali. "Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries 7.6 (2023), 880-885. Print. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656



APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Habib, R. T., Elsayed, . E. M., Bazarah, . R. S., Alahmadi, . R. A., Alharbi, . R. S. & Alwali, . E. H. (2023) Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, 7 (6), 880-885. doi:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1673190656





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